Jose Luis Vivero Pol(1) & Claudio Schuftan(2)
(1) BIOGOV Unit, Centre for Philosophy of Law, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium.
(2) People’s Health Movement, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Here, JLVP and CS highlight implications and consequences of this absence as a fait accompli and explain domestic and foreign positions of influential actors.
Contributors and sources: JLVP is researching the motivations and institutional settings that govern food system transitions in developed and developing countries. CS is an international public health nutrition activist and member of the Steering Council of the People’s Health Movement. For many years, both authors have been directly involved in national and international negotiations to promote the right to food. JLVP undertook the legal screening for this paper. Both contributed to the writing of the manuscript and policy analysis.
Competing interests: We declare that JLVP has received funding from the Belgian Science Policy Office, under the project Food4Sustainability, and the European Commission, under the PF7-projects BIOMOT and GENCOMMONS. CS declares no conflicts of interest.
If we are to follow the guidance provided by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) recently approved,1 the fight against malnutrition and the achievement of the UN’s Zero Hunger Challenge2 will not be guided by the human right to adequate food (and nutrition).3 Although the SDGs explicit access to water, health and education as universally guaranteed human rights, access to affordable and sufficient food is not given such recognition. The SDGs road map assumes that market mechanisms will suffice to secure nutritious and safe food for all. We question how and why the right to food has disappeared from such an international agreement and we will provide insights on the likely causes of this and the options to make good on such a regrettable omission.
No compass found in the SDGs to eliminate hunger
The latest UN General Assembly (September 2015) approved this non-binding roadmap to guide the world’s development towards prosperity and well-being for the next 15 years. The SDGs were drafted in extenuating diplomatic negotiations. In order to reach a consensus document, concepts that were deemed unacceptable to some member states were either disposed of, polished with softening adjectives, reworded or simply avoided during the final negotiations in July 2015 –even those that had previously attained a broad consensus in binding international agreements. The right to food serves as a striking example.
The ample consensus reached in the second half of the twentieth century over universal access to health care4 and education5 as a means to address wealth inequalities did not cover the universal access to food. The 190 plus countries that approved the SDGs document had a unique chance to do the same for the right to food, but chose, or were resigned, not to do so. As a consequence, in the document, food is not given the status of a human right implying that the existing market mechanisms are good enough to address the food needs of every human being (see box 1). This is clearly a legal and diplomatic regression from previous international agreements such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights6 and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)7 with its very specific General Comment.8 This is evidently intentional as the SDGs do reaffirm the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation.
Box 1
Why is universal access to food, the right that has to be met before being able to enjoy other civil, political, social and economic rights,9 not been awarded the same level of importance than education, health or water? The explanations, collected informally by the authors, are that several influential countries and institutions were adamantly opposed to the consideration of food as a human right. And yet, many of those opponents did sign and ratify the ICESR, the international binding agreement that indeed includes this right in its provisions. Moreover, a growing number of countries are explicitly protecting the right to food by either including it in their constitutions,10 enacting food security laws11 or pursuing rights-based food and nutrition security strategies and policies12. This proves the lack of coherence that often comes to the fore during international negotiations: human rights commitments are pitched against economic interests.
The opponents to the right to food
Although it is difficult to find official government statements that categorically deny or oppose the rights-based approach to food (the United States government’s position being an exception), several countries, regional organisations and international institutions have consistently and openly not been sympathetic to the right to food provisions. Countries like Canada,13 the United States (US)14,15 and several European Union (EU) members have never considered incorporating the right to food into their Constitutions or national legal frameworks. This position vis-a-vis the right to food is encouraged and complemented by the lack of support for this right (except for mere lip service) by international organisations such as the G-8, G-20, the World Economic Forum, the World Trade Organisation, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.16,17 Moreover, most transnational corporations and philanthropic foundations do not feel bound by binding human rights principles either.18 So, although the US may behave as an outlier in the emerging global consensus on economic and social rights, its hegemonic power in international institutions and fora results in a regular and predictable blocking of any attempt to insert social rights-based provisions in global discussions. Additionally, other countries, although not publicly voicing their opposition, quietly obstruct the realisation of the right to food in areas of their own jurisdiction.19 With so many foes, it is understandable, but not acceptable, that no mention of the right to food is found in the SDGs document.
The customary US position: “Food is not a right”
The US has steadily opposed any internationally-agreed document that considers food as a human right. It is the only nation that has neither ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child nor the ICESCR (not counting the non-functional Somalia). Moreover, the US was the only nation that refused to sign the final declaration of the 1996 World Food Summit and it stood alone in opposing the right to food being included in the 2002 World Food Summit declaration.20 Actually, the US included an official reservation to the paragraph referring to the right to food21 (see box 2) arguing that the right to food cannot give rise to any binding state duty or guaranteed citizen entitlement both at domestic and international level. For them, food is just a commodity whose access is exclusively guaranteed by purchasing power.
Box2
The US has even refused to accept non-binding resolutions on the subject, although during President Obama’s mandate, this recurrent stance has been softened and the US joined a non-binding UN Declaration on the Right to Food in 200922 while issuing supplemental explanations. And yet, in 2014, the US blocked a draft resolution on the same right23. Official explanatory notes reaffirmed its customary areas of disagreement, namely this right just being a “desirable policy goal” not carrying any enforceable obligation.24 This US opposition, that has rendered this right non justiciable in the Inter-American Court of Human Rights,25 contrasts with the generously-funded US food security programs at home and abroad (i.e., the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Programme or Feed the Future), programmes that are voluntary, not universal and determined by political priority fluctuations and budgetary constraints.26
The European’s double standard: supporting abroad, reluctant at home
The EU authorities have repeatedly said that states should “mainstream a human rights perspective in their national strategies for the realization of the right to adequate food for all”.27 After the Treaty of Lisbon28, a binding agreement of high legal and political relevance, all member states and the European Commission (EC) have the legal obligation to respect, protect and promote human rights within the EU space and in EU-supported interventions in other countries. Of course, that should include all the internationally-recognised human rights such as the right to food. Moreover, the EC has expressed its support to “right to food-based political and legal frameworks” in developing countries, as well as establishing and strengthening redress mechanisms.29 Likewise, the European Parliament has taken a similar position regarding the relevance of the right to food to address food security challenges in developing countries.30
And yet, no EU member state recognizes explicitly the right to food in their Constitutions31 or in specific laws nor is any mention to the right to food made in the fundamental European Treaties: No right to food in the European Social Charter,32 adopted in 1961 and revised in 1996 that actually extends the protection of social and economic rights to the Council of Europe members; or in the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights,33 adopted in 2000 as legally binding; it is supposed to include rights from international instruments ratified by all EU members (i.e., ICESCR); or in the European Convention on Human Rights,34 originally signed in 1950 and having been enriched with seven protocols. It is worth noting that the right to private property was included in the first article of the first protocol in 1952. Ergo, private property is a right for Europeans, but food is not.
Understanding this opposition
It is not uncommon to see countries that, at domestic or international level, consistently water-down strong references to the right to food. Examples include insisting on rather fuzzy definitions of specific violations, opposing the awarding of monetary and non-monetary remedies, or softening the language in international agreements, often done in last-minute diplomatic negotiations. As shown in this article, the US deliberately characterises the right to food as an “opportunity” rather than as an entitlement which removes any obligation for their government. Meanwhile, the Europeans have a dual attitude in this regard: whereas in the international arena, they publicly defend and even finance this right to be implemented in other countries (i.e., the Global South), but at domestic level they are barely doing anything to render this right operational within EU boundaries despite food insecurity being on the rise in the EU;35 food is not yet a European right.
Several reasons may explain the US’s opposition and the EU’s attitude. Some argue this right is not included in the US Constitution and, therefore, does not resonate with the American culture.36 Others state its definition confuses human rights priorities.37 Another explanation is that both the US and the EU adhere to an ideological stance in which market-based resources distribution is far more efficient than a rights-based scheme for such a vital resource. The privatization of food-producing inputs (soil, seeds, water) and the absolute commodification of the final output (food) conform the dominant discourse of both actors and hence in the international institutions they control (i.e., WTO, IMF, WB, WEF).38 Those institutions are adamant about the absolute validity of market mechanisms to distribute food as a commodity. Therefore, the duties and entitlements guaranteed by the right to food clearly collide with this position.
Can this position be reversed? Exploring the options
The absence of this right from the SDGs can be interpreted as a success for US diplomacy or a crass mistake for the Global South and EU countries in their final bargaining to arrive to a consensus document. We are obviously faced with a fait-accompli here and it is pointless to propose a revision of the SDGs document. Nevertheless, inaction is not an option either and the focus shall be in rendering effective this right at national level by developing legal frameworks in the signatory countries of the ICESCR. Therefore, food as a human right must attain the same status as education and health in EU regional and national legislations –a commendable first step. Belgium is already drafting such a law and the Lombardia Region has issued an ad-hoc law recently. These examples can pave the way for the deployment of Universal Food Coverage schemes in the increasingly food insecure Europe. Then, once enshrined at home, the EU could advocate for the incorporation of rights-based provisions in international agreements dealing with food (i.e., in the WTO, bilateral trade agreements, Codex Alimentarius). The US case proves to be harder and only reversible through local struggles and domestic rights-based campaigns (i.e., food justice, food policy councils, community supported agriculture, agricultural labourer’s rights).
The right to food has already progressed substantially in a few countries, with ten right to food laws, fifteen Parliamentary Fronts Against Hunger in Latin America and a growing jurisprudence using the right to food in more than 50 cases in 28 countries (just two in the EU and none in the US though).39 The right to food constituency is gaining momentum thanks to its alliance with the food sovereignty movement and the closer links being developed with the nutritional constituency,40,41 as well as confronting the mounting corporatisation of nutrition and the food system.42 Part of this constituency has set up the Global Network for the Right to Food and Nutrition43 and network members did exert pressure during the preparatory phase of the SDGs, alas to no avail. However, they are organised to take things further, locally and globally in the years to come, because food is a right, eating a vital need and food and nutrition security a public good.
Key Messages
• Contrary to the international consensus reached during the last 50 years, food is not regarded as a human right in the SDGs document. This has important
political and legal implications for worldwide food and nutrition policies aimed at ending hunger and attaining good nutrition for all.
• The adamant US opposition and the timid EU stance on the right to food in international negotiations, combined with its negligible consideration at
national level, have contributed to the banning of this fundamental right from the SDGs document.
• Fortunately, this right is increasingly recognized in many other countries, jurisprudence is growing and the links developed with other constituencies
(food sovereignty and nutrition) will certainly reinforce its mandate and political priority.
• Priorities for the coming years will be the development of national legal frameworks that include the right to food in human rights-friendly countries,
the further conceptualization and implementation of Universal Food Coverage schemes that mirror the settings guaranteeing universal access to health and
education and the de-construction of the dominant narrative of food as a commodity to be replaced by a human rights narrative placing food as a human right,
a commons and a public good.
Box 3: The first paragraph of the SDGs vision states the following:
(Para 7) In these Goals and targets, we are setting out a supremely ambitious and transformational vision. We envisage a world free of poverty, hunger, disease and want, where all life can thrive. We envisage a world free of fear and violence. A world with universal literacy. A world with equitable and universal access to quality education at all levels, to health care and social protection, where physical, mental and social well-being are assured. A world where we reaffirm our commitments regarding the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation and where there is improved hygiene; and where food is sufficient, safe, affordable and nutritious. A world where human habitats are safe, resilient and sustainable and where there is universal access to affordable, reliable and sustainable energy. (emphasis added)
Box 4: What was the US Official Reservation to the 2002 World Food Security Declaration regarding the Right to Food?
The United States believes that the issue of adequate food can only be viewed in the context of the right to a standard of living adequate for health and well-being, as set forth in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which includes the opportunity to secure food, clothing, housing, medical care and necessary social services. Further, the United States believes the attainment of the right to an adequate standard of living is a goal or aspiration to be realized progressively that does not give rise to any international obligation or any domestic legal entitlement, and does not diminish the responsibilities of national governments towards their citizens. Additionally, the United States understands the right of access to food to mean the opportunity to secure food, and not guaranteed entitlement. Concerning Operative Paragraph 10, we are committed to concrete action to meet the objectives of the World Food Summit, and are concerned that sterile debate over “Voluntary Guidelines” would distract attention from the real work of reducing poverty and hunger. (emphasis added)
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